Why worry about high blood pressure?

29.4.14: Listen to blood pressure specialist Donald Singer and pharmacist Ejaz Cheema in discussion with Annie Othen on BBC radio about blood pressure, knowing your numbers, tips on blood pressure measurement, why treatment is important, and how doctors, nurses and pharmacists can help to keep people with high blood pressure as healthy as possible.

High blood pressure is a very common preventable cause of stroke, heart attack and other serious diseases. These complications may at best cause disability and are major causes of preventable premature death in the UK and around the world.

For the public in general, the lower the blood pressure the better: most blood pressure-related heart attacks and strokes occur at blood pressure levels within what many still consider to be normal blood pressure.

A healthy lifestyle will help to keep blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in check.  Keeping weight in check, regular exercise, minimising salt intake and moderation in alcohol, as well as eating healthy foods rich in fruit and vegetables all help, as does avoiding or stopping smoking.

For people with raised blood pressure, tests are important to rule out underlying causes and to identify other cardiovascular risk factors.

Blood pressure treatment is well-established as effective in helping to prevent or reduce severity of heart attack, stroke and other serious medical problems. However  blood pressure is still poorly controlled in many patients even in the most developed healthcare systems.

One of several reasons for poor blood pressure control is that many patients find it difficult to keep taking their tablets. Surprisingly, in people newly diagnosed with high blood pressure, as many as half may have stopped their tablets by 12 months.

It is as important to understand and address reasons for poor patient adherence with their medicines. These include not being sure of why blood pressure is important, reasons for choice of medicines, and concerns about possible or actual side effects of tablets.

Other contributory factors includes failure of prescribers to follow established national guidelines for choice of tablets and how they should be used singly or in combination. This risks exposing patients to avoidable side effects without achieving effective lowering of blood pressure.

An important element in approaches to improving adherence to blood pressure medicines is continuing education of health professionals and patients about high blood pressure and its treatment. Doctors, nurses and pharmacists can all play important roles in this.

Drugs don't work if patients don't take them

@HealthMed A surprisingly common problem: WHO estimates published in 2003 and more recent studies suggest that in the developed world around 50% of patients with chronic medical disorders such as diabetes and asthma do not take their medicines regularly. Indeed, for example, for high blood pressure, around half the patients on drug treatment have stopped taking their tablets within the first year of starting treatment. Despite this evidence that many patients are not benefiting from prescribed medicines, these data may even be underestimates of prevalence of low adherence to medicines, as clinical studies are typically conducted in patients willing to participate, who have less co-morbidity and have fewer prescription medicines than is usual in the general population of patients.
There are multiple potential contributory factors, including costs of paying for medicines, lack of insight into medical conditions or awareness of ways in which medicines may help, perceptions that medicines are not working, and concerns about potential or actual adverse effects of medicines.
Personalising medicines using genetic and other companion diagnostics may help to improve adherence by avoiding drugs more likely to cause adverse effects.
Identifying and improving poor adherence is important to maximise disease control, improve quality of life, and to avoid unnecessary investigation, avoidable treatment escalation and avoidable adverse effects if treatments not normally taken are taken variably by a patient or are dispensed e.g. during acute medical admission.
Poor adherence can be recognized in a number of ways, including direct discussion with the patient, tablet counts, checking timeliness of prescription renewal, and both clinical and laboratory clues from expected biological effects of the medicines.
More studies are needed to identify ways to be more effective in helping patients to be more adherent to their medicines. Meantime the UK'S NICE recommends regular informed discussion with patients to improve adherence to their medicines.

© DRJ Singer

Ideas for maintaining variety in providing for multiple special diets

What to do about special diets? It is possible with a little research to prepare an individual meal to cater for a cluster of guests each with different special dietary needs and preferences, for example allergy to gluten, diabetes mellitus and preference for vegetarian food. There are also now many recipe sources for individual special diets, for example in the UK the BBC website (separate listings for gluten-free, nut allergy, egg-free, dairy-free, 'healthy', pregnancy-friendly, shellfish-free, vegan and vegetarian), the Coeliac Society for gluten allergy and Diabetes UK and other international equivalent organisations for diabetic recipes. But when more than one allergy is present in the same family, maintaining daily variety is much more difficult.
Xavier Ternisien in today's Le Monde [Sunday 14th August] has highlighted a blogger for francophones who has risen to this challenge. Bordeaux 'blogueur' Anne Lataillade worked in financial services after graduating from business school. Struggling for inspiration for meals for separate gluten and egg allergy in her 2 children, she has been blogging on practical recipes since 2005. Her aim is to provide simple to make recipes that work, with ideas for savoury foods and desserts compatible with both these allergies. She accompanies her blogged recipes with photographs of the dishes and information on the sources and properties of the suggested ingredients. Her website also provides information on archived recipes and on publications arising.
A further website worth checking is 'Cooking Allergy Free'. This site, after free registration, allows access to a large menu of potential allergies and then to a limited range of suitable recipes compatible with a a very complex range of needs and preferences.
Attractive varied suggestions are a good approach to complement other measures to encourage adherence to special diets for medical allergies.
US actress Zooey Deschanel highlighted the challenges of catering for multiple food intolerances and preferences by appearing on a 2009 US television programme in which chefs were asked to provide food suitable for vegans intolerant to dairy, eggs, soya and gluten.